High mileage trikes and more

A little about myself...

2012-01-12T16:34:00.001-08:00

First off, there's plenty more projects if you look at my older posts. Also, I've gotten into video recently. Highlight the title of the video to view.

Where to start, hmmmm.
When I was a child my mom noticed I liked to doodle a lot, so on Christmas morning when I was 8 years old I unwrapped my first serious wire bound 100 page sketch pad. This was the beginning of my drawing obsession. I was shy as a lad, so most of my past time was spent drawing. My dad and uncle inspired me with their mechanical talents, with my dad always tinkering on cars and my uncle who would dream up mechanical gadgets and fabricate them with guts and a stick welder.When I was 10 I was fascinated with a recumbent bicycle I'd seen at a car show, so recumbent bicycles of different designs started filling the pages. I was also totally absorbed in the early IHPVA 55mph challenge. Then I read about the 155 mpg California Commuter reverse trike. Motorized teardrop trikes became another obsessions.I would frequent the local magazine racks, wrinkling all the pages of Popular Mechanics, Mother Earth News and the like. Prior to the internet, these and the occational library book were the only resources a young designer could gleen from.As time went by I had found more interests and filled more pages. I now have about 26 sketch books, filled with recumbent bikes, trikes and mini submarines. Back pack helicopters, gas vapor carburetors, pedal boats, human powered skate boards and on and on.It wasn't until I was in my early 40's and had gone through two divorces that I finally met my wife Mary, a woman who tolerates my need to create. We met almost 10 years ago, and most of what you see here was created in our time together. (Big kiss to my hun!)Some of these ideas have miraculously worked out great! and I've spent many hours enjoying them, while others have not. For the ones that did, I have pride in knowing that my mind and hands had a part in their creation and existence. For the ones that didn't, I chalk them up as a lesson.The goal of my blog is to help you see that many possibilities exist, if one applies a little imagination to a problem. I've inserted extra pictures and details on some of the more successful projects for anyone interested.If you have any questions or comments you can reach me at: paulwelkins@yahoo.com

Thanks again for visiting my site, and be sure to check back periodically. I'm always building something.

2012-01-12T16:28:00.000-08:00

Just click on the title to view any video!!

Recumbent Scooter #3 Video (Click here!)

2012-01-12T15:55:00.000-08:00

Improved micro survival kit Video (Click here!)

2012-01-12T15:45:00.000-08:00

Micro Survival Kit Video (Click here!)

2011-12-14T16:09:00.000-08:00

Homeless cold weather shelter Video (click here)

2011-11-30T22:07:00.000-08:00

A history of my projects Video (click here!)

2011-10-25T16:39:00.000-07:00

Burningman 2011 Video (click here)

2011-09-27T15:42:00.000-07:00

The OctaTipi Video (click here)

2011-08-02T17:21:00.000-07:00

Sheet metal sand sculpting form Video (click here)

2011-07-26T15:20:00.000-07:00

8ft. plywood electric boat Video (click here)

2011-06-28T15:17:00.000-07:00

The Summersault Wheel Video (click here)

2011-06-18T13:42:00.000-07:00

SeaHorse wooden kayak Video (click here)

2011-05-25T02:18:00.000-07:00

Burningman Quadracycle Video (click here)

2011-04-29T16:31:00.000-07:00

Pavo, a motorized tricycle Video (click here)

2011-04-25T13:17:00.000-07:00

Burningman Pyramid Shelter Video (click here)

2011-04-19T15:23:00.000-07:00

Homeless Shelter Video (click here)

2011-04-19T12:30:00.001-07:00

Bicycle Camper Video (click here)

2011-04-18T01:43:00.001-07:00

Candle Stove Video (click here)

2011-04-16T14:18:00.000-07:00

Emergency Homeless Shelter Video (click here)

2011-04-16T01:32:00.000-07:00

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hG0aRjKDnKo

Recumbent Scooter Video (click here)

2011-03-29T15:19:00.000-07:00

The following are other projects I've created over the years.
Don't forget to click
'Older Posts'

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Burningman Quadracycle Art Car

2011-03-16T15:10:00.000-07:00

Micro car idea.

This is actually a 3 wheeled Peel-50 taken into 'Paint' and altered to a 4 wheeler.
The 4 wheels would give it much more stability, unfortunately it would fall into the 'car' rules classification making for unnecessary rules unlike a trike.

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Not long ago while searching the internet for ideas on building a tandem pedal powered rig for this years Burningman, I came across this picture.
The first Velocycle was invented in 1928 by Mr. Mochet, a french inventor who built it for his young son on his wife's request. He soon went into production. Used primarily by the French during WWII seeing gas was scarce.
After the war, small motors were added and eventually later versions turned into full fledged cars.

I sort of copied the 1945 version in the top picture. Later I will install a top for sun shade.

Being able to access the rear end was not in the original design, (but then again there was no real original design.) Everything was built on the fly. Figuring out dimensions and how things were going to work came about during assembly, fitting the frame to my body.
Although sketches did help me stay with the look I wanted.

The Velocar design is clever in that it's basically two recumbents attached to a front beam. No extra sprocket clusters or heavy jack shafts in this design. Cornering is not as great due to the rear wheels being close together, but It's not a high speed vehicle anyway.

I like the look of the old fashion larger-than-necessary steering wheel. Ya gotta have fun when making big toys! My dashboard will have multiple usless switches and guages adding to the fun factor.

This and a few other tid bits is all that was recycled from my first Burningman trike.

This was my first Burningman vehicle. It went through three revisions and events, failing me only once. (Service your motor before hitting the Playa!)

The first year I went the winds were fierce! Instead of huddling in our trailer, my friend Erik and I grabbed a small tarp and a few boards. Aiming down wind, I stood on the back platform holding this makeshift sail and away we went, possibly 25-30 mph. What a hoot! This and many other fond memories come to mind when I think about this funky little trike, but for 6 years now it has been replaced and left exposed to the elements as yard art and a plant stand. I was threatening to restore it. New front wheels where bought, a motor was had, but in the end I wanted something different, something pedal powered. So instead of having another vehicle to contend with after the burn, I bit the bullet and brought out the saw.

Looking at the pile of remains makes me a little sad. It's not like a pile of bicycle or car parts. Each piece was first thought of, drawn on paper, then meticulously constructed in my shop.

R.I.P. old trike. At least some parts of you will carrying on the fun...

Emergency Shelter, Homeless Shelter

2011-02-01T22:47:00.001-08:00

These are crappy plans but they'll get you going if you're interested in fabricating this shelter.
Feel free to contact me for further questions. paulwelkins@yahoo.com

5 inches of snow with no effect on the structure. Not bad for having no internal frame work.

With the remaining scraps a simple water jug stand was installed, also creating a space underneath for a trash can.

The window was enlarged for a better view. A happy accident was discovered during installation that I could make the window open, unlike the other window.

Not long ago I ordered two books from Amazon.com. 'Zero Yen Houses' by Kyohei Sakaguchi and 'Fragile Dwelling' by Margaret Morton.
Kyohei's pictorial book shows a striking view of the many homeless older single men living in the cities of Japan, while Margaret spent 10 years documenting and capturing on black and white film telling images of several dozen homeless people in NewYork city.
These books were very moving. After reading them, I couldn't help but to re-visit the bicycle camper and homeless shelter lay-out to see if I could come up with a more practical and useful structure that might be used by a single homeless person or as an emergency shelter, where one or a couple could gain some privacy and sleep. The thousands crouded on the super dome floor during Hurricane Katrina is a good example.
After bowing an 8' flexable strip of wood I settled on a mini quanset hut design. I liked the potenial for inside space and it would be very wind resistance. So with a budget of $100 for materials I went shopping.

I bought 4 sheets of 4mm coroplast from Llard plastics in Seattle. I chose coroplast for its unique qualities of flexability, versatility, water resistance, strength, light weight and insulating properties, plus coroplast is cheap.
I used 8" plastic zip ties for assembly and 2"wide colored duct tape to seal out any moisture.

I used lexan plastic for the door window and installed 6 grometed hole in the floor for spiking the structure to the ground.

Except for the hardware, once the shelter is no longer needed it can be recycled.

The shelter is 40" wide by 81" long, making 22.5 square feet. The height is 38". It weighs 23 pounds.
For emergency deployment I'm envisioning a pre-cut ready to assemble shelter wrapped in a 4' x 8' x 1" package. Included would be universal pictorial assembly instructions, zip ties, snips and tape. The door wall and its nut and bolt hardware could be pre-assembled. Assembly time should be roughly an hour. A stack 50" high on one pallet would yeild 50 shelters.
Using plastic materials obviously would not keep a person with a knife from entering, but the lock would keep an honest person honest.

Coroplast can be ordered with UV inhibitors and comes in a variety of colors and patterns, even camouflage for discrete homeless shelters, or bright colors for Emergency victims. Coroplast can also be screen printed. This is the same material used for outdoor campaign signs.

I managed to stuff in as many essentials that a person might need to get by comfortably except for shower, toilet and laundry facilities, although, with a little ingenuity a person could remedy this problem.

I purchased a 20 yard roll of 2" yellow duct tape to cover the exposed zip tie holes on the roof.
The other day I came up with an idea that would make both the middle and outer seam water tight. I have yet to try the idea out, but this would eliminate the need of taping the seams.

This view shows the two layered entry wall and door, plus the overhang. The flutes on the door were run cris-cross for added strength. On the round window I hinged the bottom so it could be used as a blind or shelf. Later I enlarged the window and did away with the self. The window now also opens.
The door hinge was made by cutting the coroplast on one side of the outer layer, going against the flutes. The inside layer was made smaller to act as a door jam.
The lock hasp, inside latch and fastening bolts and nylon lock nuts are the only metal hardware on the shelter. An insect screen covers the vent holes on the front and rear.

I was planning on using a single thickness entry wall and door but this proved too flimsy. I then tried 1/4" mahogany plywood but did'nt like this either.

Assembly is nearly complete. Now I just need to clip off the zip tie ends.

Dimensions are 40" wide and 38" high and 81" long.

Flexing the roof down was my first choice for entrance, with the potential of sunshade characteristics like the bicycle camper, but the width and length made it too flimsy.

2011-01-26T17:46:00.000-08:00

This is not a project post, but more of an announcement to veiwers about my good friend Wayno.Wayne Carter has participated and encouraged me in many of these projects on this blog, I am proud to have him in many of my photos. We have had great times and rough times. He feels like a brother to me.On December 30th Wayne rolled his truck and unfortunately broke his neck. Luckily he did not severe the spinal cord so there is still a chance of full recovery. The doctors are quite amazed at his recovery. He is now in good spirits and giving hell to the nurses at the Vetrans Hospital in Seattle.

Paint can stilts

2011-01-26T12:21:00.001-08:00

This is a great project that will extend your reach by 7 1/2" which in my case is just enough extra height to cut in corners when painting a standard 8ft high room.

2 new or used paint cans, a 32" rubber strap cut in half, Duct or masking tape, a 1/2" section of pipe insulation cut to 10" lengths (or a rag) and a pair of needle nose or regular pliers.

Straighten the two wire handles. Insert the foam. Start taping in the middle with a 12" length. Firmly roll the foam between your hand and table. Continue taping while overlaping ends.

Re-shape the two handles and insert the ends back into can sides. (You may have to tweek the ends to get them to stay) Slide your foot in. Connect the metal hook to can handle, stretch comfortably around your heel to the other end of the handle, mark and drill a 1/8" hole in strap. Remove one end of the wire handle and place end through new hole in strap, re-insert wire handle into can side and you're done.

It was time to retire my first pair. As you can tell, they recieved a lot of use!

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Double lawn mower

2011-01-23T15:35:00.000-08:00

For those of you who have a large flat lawn...
I on the other hand do not. I live on a hill, but I still felt compelled to play Dr. Frankenstein on these worn out twin mowers. Except for an uncut 1" strip down the middle, it performed well. To eliviate this problem I was going to add a metal loop to each end of one cutting blade so a nylon line could be attached. I'm sure it would have worked but I lost interest.

Burningman Pyramid Shelter, Emergency Shelter

2010-09-19T16:51:00.000-07:00

Next year will be my wife's first time at Burningman, so being a semi vetran burner I've taken it upon myself to make this a pleasant experience for her, but like most northwesterners she doesn't do well in heat. (Not a good thing for a weeks stay on an unforgiving desert. )
I chose foil backed foam board as a building material after reading about the 'Hexayurt'. These structures claim to keep the interior about 10 or 15 degrees cooler than the blazing outside and manage to keep most of the dust out. Not being a convensional guy, after many doodles and several cardboard models I opted for a pyramid shape. After some trepedation I bought the materials and created what you see here.
We've grown to really like this shelter and it's many atributes. It's very roomy for 10 sheets of material, plenty of head room, a vaulted ceiling, and storage galore! The dining area has bubble windows that you can pear out of while sitting comfortably. It also holds up fabulously to strong winds to where I may just use mitered 2x4x12' boards running along the base to keep it from blowing away. The cost is around $300 once you add everything up. Not bad for a light weight, reusable home away from home.

Above is a semi confusing view on various details of the basic pyramid. Details of the extention that was added later were not included.

Alot of the design was gleaned from the 'Hexayurt' design of Vinay Gupta.
Many thanks Vinay.

The interior is quite spacious. This is the 8 ft kitchen counter with a built-in sink

This is the lounge area. two-10 inch bubble windows were strategically placed for optimal viewing pleasure.

A simple 2x3 frame sitting 3 feet high goes around the interior parimeter to help support the walls during extreme winds. 2x2's were used as legs in each corner. Four large storage bins are hiding behind the drapes.

Watching the world outside.

You actually get a 180 degree view looking through the bubble window.

We found this nice globe at a second hand store. A small light wil light it up at night.

This is an extension located under the kitchen sink. Our bed will probably be under the kitchen counter, then, during the day we'll slide the foam pad up this back wall to form a 4 ft wide couch.

8 inch bubble windows are on each side. The original cut-out fits in the sphere for shading.

The 2x4 door-jam and door are one unit. The bottom 2x4 of the jam is angled and rests flat on the ground.

It's a little overbuilt but you won't see this door flying across the playa! The whole assembly, minus the exterior trim, is slid into the 'L' shaped wall from the inside, then the outside trim is skrewed on which sandwiches the foam paneling. The upper interior 2x4 on the left of the door jam skrews into the center 1x4 flashing board to hold the door unit in place.

All ten of the 1" foil backed foam boards were miter cut on their edges where needed, and wrapped with 3" wide gorilla duct tape. This keeps the the edges from shedding and adds strength.

The corner pieces were stood up in thier final positions 90 degrees from on another, tacked in place, then a hinge strip was run down the outside seam. Each adjoining hinge seam is alternated- inside, outside- to create the accordian fold.

The middle joint in this picture and the door wall on the other side are the 2 seperating joints of the main structure . This allows the two halfs to fold up into a 4x8 acordian for easy transport. The top cap, tip-out and door wall store seperately.

This is my friend Wayno posing next to the newly erected shelter.

GI Joe helps me out once again with his near 1/6th size body. 15 inches equals 8 feet.

A cardboard box, masking tape, pencil, exacto knife, a ruler and an idea is all one needs for a model. A barbie or GI joe as a model helps wonders.

Pyramid Tour.

Homeless Shelter

2009-12-23T20:46:00.000-08:00

Several months back my 'bicycle camper' was recognized by quite a few web sites. In some of the comment sections several people were thinking it would be a good idea to make a similar push version for a homeless person. After surfing the web I came across a site called 'Designboom'. This site had a challenge for designers. It was called 'Shelter-in-a-cart'. The challenge was to design a cart that would meet the demands for the ever expanding homeless society, creating a substitute for the common grocery cart sort of speak, where as this new cart would be a recyclables collection cart by day for an income, then transform into an enclosed shelter at night for sleeping.

In LosAngeles a philanthropist, after seeing the cardboard box living conditions of a homeless person, decided to create and give away his version of a homeless cart. So far he's given away 70 carts. These are steel frames covered with a tough durable canvas. They have storage compartments for personal belongings inside and have fold-down collection baskets on the front and back for collecting bottles and cans. He calls it the EDAR, 'Everybody Deserves A Roof.'

Althought the EDAR and many of the competition design ideas were great, like my bicycle camper, I decided to go down the rabbit hole a bit further...

My original intent was to design and construct a simple, light weight, insulated box on wheels geared for the northwest climate that an urban street person could reside in (with all the comforts of home of course) and have an area to display and sell handmade wares. I've seen seen the homeless make wire sculptures, wood carvings etc. One could also make alcohol stoves from aluminum recycled cans and peddle them as emergency stoves.
Many homeless people are actually more creative than you might think, and not all want to beg or go rummage around in trash cans all day for a living. Homeless people have pride too! Also, this I think would make a better connection with the public.

So, what started as something that was suppose to be simple and cheap, well, let's say I got a bit carried away. Knowing this was going to be around a while, I opted to make it nice.
What we have here is the Cadillac of homeless shelters!

A manufactured unit similar to this lay-out could be made of sprayed fiberglass, poly roto mold or from coroplastic sheeting. The latter can be made in a variety of thicknesses, color, (even camoflage laminate) , with UV protection and fire retardant additives too.

Using fluted coroplastic I can see these panels machine routered, creased, folded and hot welded to the desired shape. The storage compartments and counter could be of the same material or use sprayed fiberglass for durability.

This being just a conceptual prototype, and one that I'm pretty happy with, anyone with a little imagination can see the many possibilities...

Wayno is demonstrating the proper way to push the shelter. All 225 pounds of it, empty. The roof acts as a rain catcher. When it starts raining, I turn a valve to stop the flow to the collection tank. This then drains to the ground flushing any crap on the roof. A few minutes later I turn the valve back on to collect free water. Once the tank is full it has an over-flow feature that allows excess water to drain to the ground. Two screens filter the water. This water is not intended to drink, unless filtered more, bleached or boiled.

As you can see I'm very comfortable in this arrangement. More time and money could have been put into these cusions but they, as with most of my projects, are merely for proof of concept.

This unplanned arrangement of the cusions turned out to be a pleasant surprise. Two people can sit comfortably together.

Originally I was just going to use the spigot on the 5 gallon container, but after some thought I installed a spigot over the sink (bread pan).

This view shows all the doors open.

The two vents in the rear will soon have some sort of louver adjustments in case strong winds blow too cool of air in.

Cutting board storage under food shelf.

Toilet seat storage and toilet bucket. I've experimented using ground corn Kitty litter (stored to the right of the toilet) and it works quite well. I use small waist-basket liners for the toilet and the trash can. The mid section of the floor is removable allowing ample room for use of the bucket.

Removing the sink, or bread pan, reveals the trash can. By removing the propane stove you can access an extra propane cylinder, paper towel, two rolls of toilet paper and trash bags.

To remove the tank and fill in case there's no rain, I unscrew the copper line, rotate down and slide the tank out. An easy disconnect located above the tank is on the inlet line.

This cooler was made from a two gallon water dispenser. Two inches of foam surround the container. To the right of the divider (caulked with white silicone, hey, it's what I had..) you dump in a few cups of ice, compliments of McDonalds or any other fast-food joint. The original spigot then drains the melted ice-water to the ground.

This little area acts like a night stand. Storage above for maybe a laptop computer, and underneath for dirty clothes or whatever.

These two sketches were focused more on creating minimal waist in materials, but didn't lend much in storage space.

This was my first prototype, using a door for the base and some old paneling I had kicking around.

As you can see I later opted for more elbow room in the sitting area. Having two swinging doors also made for a nice balanced wares display area.

The Homeless Shelter measures 78" long, 36" wide and 51" tall. The sitting room is 42"wide. The wheels are 8" in diameter and lockable. The unit rides 9.5" off the ground.

'High Flyer' coasting race car

2009-12-23T20:24:00.000-08:00

When I was 18 my friend Eric and I decided to build a car for the Seattle down hill coaster race. We spent hours on this contraption. The body was made from an old boiler tank. We had 2 soapbox derby wheels for the rear and 5" plastic lawn mower wheels up front. Rickety steering was by rope, along with the almost non existant brake. The 2 handles on the side operated both. Thank god we put a roll bar in. (I rolled it twice.) We won one race, not because of my lightning speed, ( 3 mph because the front axle was shaking like a leaf) , but because the other guy went blazing down the hill only to crash into the bails of hay at the hairpin turn. It started raining the next race. No brakes. Race over. We sold it to some kids after the race for $10 cash just so we didn't have to haul it home.

Homemade wheel barrel

2009-12-23T20:06:00.000-08:00

This is a poor mans wheel barrel made from a 20" bicycle wheel and front fork, with 26" forks spread out for the legs. 2x8 boards made up the sides and 1/2" plywood made up the floor. That's my daughter Christina helping.

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Home-made Survival Kit

2009-12-23T18:19:00.001-08:00

About 23 years ago the 'Mother Earth News' magazine had an article that asked a few outdoor experts to come up with a good home-made survival kit for hikers. They were all quite bulky. One expert used a 1 gallon paint cans to carry everything in. Not very practical I thought, so I went about making my own back pocket version starting with a pint paint thinner can. This thing had everything, including pictures of plants and snares. I used it one night but I brought my sleeping bag seeing it was winter time. It worked well. This was also probably the beginning of my facination with space efficiency .

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Enclosed motorized delta tricycle

2009-07-02T18:48:00.001-07:00

I call it 'Pavo'.
This year I entered the 'Pavo' in a car show in Silvana Washington.

I got second prize for the most unusual vehicle.

I was interviewed this year by a crew doing a PBS special called 'Fixing the Future'.

The 'Pavo' ended up having a two second shot in the final cut, but the bicycle camper was shown for one or two minutes.

I had purchased a used lawn edger for $45. It came equipped with a healthy 2 hp, 4 stroke, under 49cc briggs motor. My original intent was to mount it on a bicycle. This idea somehow evolved into what you see here. The imagination can be a dangerous thing....

This is the same 6 speed drive train design that I've successfully used on past rigs, eccept for the centrifical clutch upgrade. Twist and go.

The free wheeling front wheel assembly was purchased new from 'Triton' tricycle company for $35. A few chuncks of steel were used to mount the assembly onto the bmx fork. I may upgrade to suspension forks soon. One has to be attentive hitting a bump at 23 mph.

The whole frame is made of various wall thicknesses of square steel tubing. This way I was able to do all the fabricating myself. Some thin wall tubing, taken from a collapsed gazibo, was used on non-supporting parts of the frame. Bending the thicker wall tubing was achieved using plywood forms skrewed onto my work bench, then blocking the part down on one end and push the part around the form. It's a workout! Thin wall will collapse during bending, except for minor bows.

This view shows where I can rest my feet while under way, but doing this required fabricating a trustworthy stop-lever to keep the pedals from spinning with the wheel, thus preventing the scary wabbles.

Detail of the underside.

The skinning begins. 3 sheets of 4mm coroplast and a lot of aluminum pop-rivets.

The top opens up for venilation and storage access. The bottom door folds up in case I want to carry something tall.

The storage wall above the seat actually acts as a nice upper back support. The $14 wal-mart seat slides up 6 more inches in 2 inch increments. I wish I could afford a disk brake set-up. Oh well, It's a prototype. I leaned the rear wheels in a bit to help in cornering. Width is 31".

Foam was double-back taped to the roll cage. I'm probably gonna tip this puppy some day.

There are still things to add as of this printing: Seat belt, a digital speedo computer, a better door latch, turning blinkers or an opening for my left arm, a horn, safety windshield and wiper.

All in all I'm happy with the way this little guy came out. I'm naming it PAVO.

MPG has yet to be determined, but I'd say around 120.

No insurance is required, and I might be able to perswade the first cop who pulls me over that It's technically a motorized tricycle. If not they'll make me register it as a moped which will costing me $35 a year.

Fuel efficient car

2009-01-09T19:22:00.000-08:00

My 1988 honda CRX daily commuter. When I bought it several years ago it averaged 38 mpg,
I spent some time and money seeing what I could do to improve the aerodynamics and engine performance. Here's what I did:
Coroplast belly pan, (lasted up till recent heavy snowfall) coroplast hubcaps, removed the side mirrors, blocked the air inlet except for when it warms up in the summer, used semi-synthetic oil, a bigger air cleaner, ran 45 psi in the tires and an HF (High Fuel efficiency) transmission swap. These gears a TAAAAALL! I also coasted alot without being a nusence to the people behind me. I tried adding Acetone to my gas but didn't notice any difference.
I did achieve 51 mpg on a few tank loads, but after a while my engine gave out and so did my tires. (premature balding). I currently am back to my old driving habits of 5 mph over the speed limit, and keep the air preasure normal, I never use 5th gear because it lugs the small engine too much and pegs my intake vacuum guage.
I still am getting a respectable and consistant 45 mpg. Not bad. Better than most cars on the road, and I only have one battery.

I use cardboard as a template and installed 1" flat bar here and there as panel attachment points. Notice how I went around the exhaust system. This was good thinking.

This rear section didn't make it very long. Besides melting somewhat around the tail pipe, it dragged too low. I'll redo it all someday. There definitely was some benifit with the belly pan.

82 ft.Tree perch

2009-01-09T17:57:00.000-08:00

My tree perch finally gets built. The 180 degree view of the valley 150 feet below is breathtaking.
There were definitely design issues with this one, being that I want to put a small 3 foot square enclosure on the platform some day.

It started with curiosity. 'I wonder what the view is like up there...' I kept climbing higher and higher trying to get away from the adjoining tree tops. At 82 feet I stopped.

The rope, pulley and bucket allows easier transport of tools and hardware.

After my butt got sore from sitting on this branch I came up with this...

No one but me has dared climb this tree. It's my little slice of heaven.

Survival tent in hiking staff

2009-01-09T17:04:00.000-08:00

I had an idea of cramming survival stuff into a hiking staff, including this 36" square foil 'survival blanket' tent and the 3/16" diameter fiberglass poles. Other such survival goodies were planned to fit into this 1-1/2" diameter by 5 foot long aluminum tube too, but I lost interest.

Mail box wood stove

2009-01-09T16:29:00.000-08:00

This was an exercise in swiftly constructing a very cheap yet usefull semi airtight stove, with minimal tools: a skrewdriver and rock to punch out the vent hole and a hack saw to cutting the electrical conduit.
I saw two others on the web but none had a top cooking surface. Smoke escapes better when it's tilted up in the rear.

The conduit was bent into a 'U' shape, shoved into the ground and wired to the mail box. The other length holds up the 2" gutter flue. I did add some wood skrews along the bottom edges to help seal up air leaks. Total cost was about $35 dollars.

High Mileage Trike

2008-01-28T22:05:00.001-08:00

This is probably the only photoshop rendering in this blog. It's of a future trike that I plan to put together one of these days when I'm not so busy. A fellow named Jory Squibb inspired me for this idea. He created the 'Moon Beam'. A small utilitarian vehicle using the same scooter that this will be made from. I'm hoping this will go 55 mph and be stable at speeds.

It's a simpler and lighter version of the yellow reverse trike posted below.
The rear end will be from a Honda Elite 150 scooter. These are water cooled and have an automatic transmission.

I'm trying to create a spring suspention for the front wheels similar to the Morgan 3 wheeler. This will enable for a simple 'T' frame design. The body may be of colored 4mm coroplast or 1/4" mohogany plywood.

Reverse Trike

2008-01-28T21:28:00.000-08:00

Because of the extra weight of the VW front end I had to think of ways to keep the weight down. I decided on coroplast. This I've used before on other projects and, although it won't last many years, It still is unbeatable for weight, time and money savings. It also comes in a variety of neat colors. I chose Yellow for safety. The most eye catching of all colors.

Aluminum threshhold trim was used to secure the ends of the panels down to the frame. This is a little tacky looking but makes removing the panels a breeze. Each hole was marked and pre-tapped a little undersized. This was done to safeguard against marring up the panel, which inevitably would have happened had I relied on the wobbly self tapping skrew bit to drill the hole. The shock towers were cut down to accept a motorcycle shock absorber. These aren't as stiff as the original shocks. I'm hoping for a smoother ride.

Those are hot air vent holes. Engine ducting will come later.

This is the second version of my first attempt at creating a safe enclosed trike for commuting.

It started with a 1972 Honda CB 350 that someone had given me. The base frame is 1.5" square tubing bent by hand on a brake made from plywood.

Most of the frame is 1" square tubing for ease of welding and body panel attachment. These were also bent using plywood brakes. ( hanging on the wall in picture)

This view shows the 'Flintstone Reverse' door, also good for future ventilation, and the double seat belt set-up.

The gear shifter was made from the old handlebar. Both electrical controls are mounted on both sides of the handle including the clutch lever.

I wanted a narrow teardrop body and a roadster looking front end. An ATV suspension was chosen for its durability and light weight components. I used a sandrail rack and pinion steering box along with the old front hydrolic brake off the bike. A single brake pedal was made for the rear wheel. Honda tires from the first civic model proved to be the best fit for the little 10" ATV wheels.

This is what I made to figure out how to construct the body. A G.I. Joe 1/6th scale doll made the perfect model.

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The Wheel

2008-01-28T21:25:00.001-08:00

The wheel is a load of fun. It's basically a 4' diameter circle jigsawed out and edges routered from a half sheet of 3/4" plywood. 1.25" rubber hose (split on the inside of the coil) was used for the tread and skrewed down every foot. For the seat I used 1/4" plastic sheeting and doubleback taped dense foam to it. 6-6" shelf brackets were used to attach the seat to the wheel, and an old lap seat belt was bolted on to hold the rider in.

First you take a few steps forward

and do a somersault...

If you still feel in balance continue by pushing off with your feet. If you manage to do 15 consecutive rolls before tipping over then CONGRATULATIONS! You have beaten my record!

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Recumbent Electric Scooter

2008-01-28T21:06:00.001-08:00

This was my first attempt at making a recumbent scooter. The chair was mounted with 2 verticlal metal braces welded on the foot pad in back and another horizontal brace in front. The scooter was quiet and fun at speeds of 7 mph. My only complaint was the steering geometry was a bit off, and the distance was only 4-5 miles at the most before you'd start to slow down.

Look at that smile!

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Recumbent Scooter

2008-01-28T21:02:00.000-08:00

. Here is a video line to the Recumbent scooter! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCNrWUXYMuQ .Dimensional Drawings and computer renderings can waist a lot of time, I know this by experience. Physically getting out in the shop and doing impromptu lay-outs with pieces you have is a great way of getting the real feel of your project. Test run on my second recumbent scooter. This one started out as a Goped. It's loud and belches smoke, but I like the performance and range much better than the electric scooter. It's much faster too.

My friend Wayno giving you a visual demonstration of a happy man enjoying a comfortable, light weight, foldable, affordable, license and insurance free ride.

I extended the frame 11 inches, added an adjustable and removable foot rest, installed a removable plastic seat (scalped from 1st scooter) and storage box, modified the front fork, stearing handle and moved the diskbrake to the rear wheel. .

Recumbent Moped

2008-01-28T20:57:00.000-08:00

The original idea for this project was intended for a Honda cub, but a friend offered me a great deal on a 49cc Tomos moped.
The seat was made of 1/8" aluminum plate bent to fit. The foam is attached with double back tape. The seat cover wraps around the back and laced down.
The first foot pegs were attached to the steering fork. This proved to be a bit nerve racking as my legs would stiffen and fight my arms for steering control.

The foot pegs instead were mounted on the frame. My feet are tucked in similar to the riding position of a crotch rocket, except I'm leaning back and a lot more comfortable.
The milk crate was mounted using 1/2" square tubing. The seat-back rests against the crate.

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Rear Steering Recumbent

2008-01-28T20:55:00.001-08:00

This was my second attempt at building a recumbent back in 1981. It was a rear steer no less. The idea came from a Popular Mechanics article. I figured hey, if someone else did it, so could I. After all, I'd be saving weight having a short chain. Bad idea, It took me 2 hours to get both feet on the pedals. But it was a lesson learned; Just because you saw it in Popular Mechanics does not necessarily make it a wonderful idea.

Like I said, it was a bit difficult to steer but that didn't stop me from using it as a daily commuter for a while.

Recumbent Bicycle

2008-01-28T20:53:00.000-08:00

An enthusiastic neighbor kid talked me into building him this little one speed rig after seeing the recumbent bicycle below.

Recumbent bicycle/boat

2008-01-28T20:47:00.000-08:00

This was the most successful recumbent I built, or at least the one that got the most use.
It started as a one speed but was later upgraded to a three speed, including a front hub brake. I wanted to enter a kinetic race in Bolder Colorado so pontoons were attached. The picture above was launch day, and notice the smile. I was not smiling a minute later when the tape holding the pontoons broke loose and sent the bike and almost me to the bottom of this freezing cold lake. It was recovered and design improvements were made, but unfortunately the bike never made it to the race.

This too was launch day. I was so eager to try it out that vise grips were used as a steering handle.
The bike is basically a bmx rear frame. 1" tubing make up for the top and bottom bar. The front end is off of a 20" wheel bike. This same bike had the crank cut off leaving a little of the seat and lower tube to make a secure attachment to the steering tube. The bottom of the front chain ring resides very close to the top of the narrow steering fork. The narrow fork allows the pedals to miss them when pedaling. I liked the simplicity of this mid wheelbase triangulated design. the crank was positioned as low as possible for reasons of better handling and comfort.

My first discovery of the versitility of a plastic injected kitchen chair.

Mid-Steering Recumbent

2008-01-28T20:32:00.001-08:00

This little guy was probably the only bike I put together that was unridable.
I saw one mid steering bike and thought I'd figured out the steering geometry but got it wrong. Looking back I kinda wished I hadn't given up so soon because minor tweaking would have solved the control issue. As it was the bike was disassembled and the little kids bike reassembled for a money refund
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25 pound recumbent bicycle

2008-01-28T20:25:00.000-08:00

This was the last recumbent I built. The frame was aluminum and titanium was used for seat supports. The seat mounts were right behind the steering tube and over the rear wheel axle, enabling for a light weight frame. It had some flex but not much. This bike handled well, but if I were to build another it would be a long wheelbase so the crank could be lowered.
You gain frontal area by doing this but you get so much more control the lower your feet are.
The latest recumbent design that some manufacturers have adopted where the seat tube is raked back and the horizontal rear fork extended is very similar to what I had in mind 10 years ago. The bike was cut and ready to weld together, but then my last marriage fell apart. Needless to say it was never completed, but It's good to know that it was a good idea.

Frame ready to go to the local welder.

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Bicycle Fairing

2008-01-25T21:36:00.000-08:00

I wanted a fast bicycle, something that could sustain cross winds and keep me dry in the rain. This was the goal. I'd never worked with fiberglass and had no prior experience making a plug but I was determined to try.

Thick steel wire was strung through holes drilled on the outer edges of the 1/2" plywood frame. The frame was actually attached to the 10 speed bicycle. Chicken wire was put over this, then paper mache'ed with newspaper.

I was a drywaller at the time, so I applied drywall mud over the paper mache.
A bubble repair job shows where I added thicker and stiffer square wire mesh for the tail section.

This is as far along as the project went. After applying tons of drywall mud it became too heavy to move. It was built in a 10'x10' extra bedroom in my apartment back in 1990, hence the crappy picture. I'd come so far with the plug and it was looking so good. I almost cried when I took the hammer to it. If I had to do it over again I'd definitely carve on foam.

Dirt Skates

2008-01-25T21:21:00.000-08:00

I only had two wheels to play with so a pair of skates was never made. I have seen ones similar to this using ski boots instead of my rear drawer slide leg support. I was on the right track anyway...

Wooden Kayak

2008-01-22T19:55:00.000-08:00

The Sea Horse is actually the third and last boat I made. It is indeed a cuter and faster boat, but I seldom use it without the outrigger due to its tippy nature.

Here you can see where I cut a slight taper on the bottom front and top rear of the side boards to give it a little more personality.

If you click on this picture to enlarge it, you will see some detail of the end pie pieces I wittled out so the board ends had something to nail down to. After glueing but before nailing the side boards onto these end peices, I ran a string down the center of the frame and measured at the widest point from the string to each board, I wiggled the boards until I reached equal distance, then I nailed them down. This way the boat will be square and track straight in the water.

If you look closely you'll see the butt joint near the front. Because this is a 10ft boat, the half sheet of 8ft ply butts up against an extra 2ft piece to complete the cover. The front (top and bottom) triangles were made from pieces left over from the one plywood sheet. The butt joint edges were nailed down to a 1X12 foot bulkhead not pictured. This bulkhead was measured, cut and installed after the 8ft top sheet was layed in position, this way I could locate the bulkhead so the butt joint ended on the center of the bulkhead edge.

The Sea horse used two 10' 1x12 boards for the sides that were clamped at the ends and bowed out to 24" in the middle. A 1x12x23" seatback bulkhead was tilted and installed. Before installing, an oval hole was jigsawed out. The cut-out piece was hinged in place creating an access door for the trunk. The top and bottom are made from a single sheet of 1/4" mohogany plywood purchased at Lowes or Home depot store. They were glued first with gorilla glue, then nailed into the side boards using 1" long bronze ring-shank nails. The bow and stern pie pieces that the side board ends were nailed to were wittled from a 4x4 post. Round pipe insulation was cut length wise into half moon sections. The flat sides were epoxied to the floor to make a comfortable, weatherproof cheap seat. Foam pipe insulation was also used around the edges of the opening.

These boards create alot of springback when bent to this degree, so a lot of nails were used to hold them in place.

The ornamental tips I carved out were simply gorilla glued in place.

8 foot Electric wood Boat

2008-01-22T19:51:00.001-08:00

This is by far my most favorite boat. Not long ago I freed it from the rafters, dusted it off, swapped out a new motor plus upgraded the steering system. I use the railed top surface as a lunch and camera table. I'm not a fisherman but this boat would probably be a nice set-up for lake fishing. On the dash board are the forward and reverse switch, front light switch, amp meter and horn button. The storage compartment holds my lunch and other essentials. The half moon was made from a bent 1/2" tube, then I cut half of it away using a small hand grinder with a cut-off wheel. A washer was welded half way in the trough, then I made a 3/16" cut in the washer. I put 2 knots on the steering line and place the 2 knots in between the washer. Simple.

The wave hopper uses a detachable 35lb thrust minkota trolling motor, chopped down and wires routed to the dashboard where the forward and reverse speed control resides. A 4 prong trialer jack was used for connecting power from motor to boat. For steering I looped a cable around a 1.5" diameter steering axle attached to my wooden steering wheel. The nylon lines go back to the motor and has a simple attachment. Unlike my other boats this one is made of 1/4" mahogany plywood nailed and glued to 1x1's. The rear bulkhead is a 1x8 for motor mount durability. The outside was covered with fiberglass. It's 8'x28"x14" sides. the upper trunk uses 1x6 for the sides and plywood for the top. The battery I use can last several hours. The boat, not including battery and motor,weighs in at 65 pounds. Because of the steep dory style arc it handles waves great and the low center of gravity makes it very stable, but because of the arc shape the boat plows through the water and will only go 5 knots.

8 foot Electric paddle wood boat

2008-01-22T19:46:00.001-08:00

The launch of the Libery. This was an exercise in minimal materials, building skills, tools and money. The boat cost me about $100 and a few weekends. It measures 8' long, 2' wide and 1' high and weighs 60 pounds. The sides were made from 2- 1x12 pine boards each 12' long, cut down to 8' lengths and jigsawed sweeps. the extra material went for bulkheads. The top and bottom are from one sheet of 1/4" marine plywood. A person could use 1/4" mahogany, but if you were to do this I would recommend fiberglassing because mohogany paneling is only 3 ply whereas marine plywood has 5. I got away with no glass, just epoxy and it's held up for many years. The boat was joined using gorilla glue and brass ring-shank nails spaced about 3-4" apart. For ease of transport a 1/2" aluminum axle was installed. Removabel plastic lawnmower wheels slide on the portruding ends. Once on the water I pull the cable secured pins, remove the wheels and store them inside. I love this boat. Many hours have been spent paddling, sailing or trolling along on the local lakes. Getting out on the water is a great perspective and very liberating, hence the name, Liberty. In this picture you see the aluminum dagger board on the side that swings down. Two small 12 volt batteries reside in the trunk. An oval was cut in the tilted rear 1x12x23" bulkhead that I rest my back on, then an access door was added, padding from an old hiking sleep mat was double-back taped to the wood. I even have a 4" removable back support extender. It's removed so when exiting you can sit on the back trunk. A simple spinnaker sail was made from light weight nylon sheeting. The mast is from a 1 1/2" wooden closet rod. I hold the knotted ends of the nylon line by hand in case of a sudden wind gust.

The slotted mast hole is located just behind the foot bulkhead. The last foot of the mast has one side shaved flat. this side rests against the foot bulkhead. A metal loop is attached to the lower part of the bulkhead to accept the mast end.

I have a 1881 silver dollar embedded in the bow with miss Liberty facing up. .

Victorian Mail Box

2008-01-22T17:00:00.000-08:00

My X wife wanted a victorian home, so I built her one. :) I got off cheap!

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Camper Bird House

2008-01-22T16:39:00.001-08:00

My girlfriend's sister owns a 1953 Bell camper. I made this little replica for her in appriciation of her wonderful, kind and giving heart. Thanks Marian.

This was made using 1/2" plywood for the sides and bottom. It was then wrapped with aluminum sheeting. The door window is the entry hole for the little birdies. Removing two skrews in the back allows the rear end to come up for seasonal cleaning.

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kick bike / kick scooter

2008-01-22T16:17:00.000-08:00

This is my version of a kick scooter resembling some serious handmade racing European scoots that I stumbled onto while surfing the internet. There version utilized 12" ballon tires. They would tuck and lean there whole body's over the front handlebar with one leg in the air while coasting. A very scary pose, but I tried it and it works! The pnumatic wheels I used came off a wheel chair. The foot rest is wide enough for one foot. I could have raised the bottom bar 1 more inch. .

Hands Free Phone

2008-01-22T15:57:00.000-08:00

I have talkers in my family circle, and this little gem has given me the freedom to carry on with whatever I was doing before the call. From a 2" thick chunk of cell foam I wittled out the side profile of my phone and head. I ask the caller to wait a moment, insert the phone and talk away.

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FWD Trike

2008-01-22T15:40:00.000-08:00

Another Burningman rig. The little briggs motor had a 4" long knerled pipe jammed onto the output shaft. Pressing down on the motor with your left foot engaged the spinndle to the front tire. I also made a sail, but was never photographed or tried out. This rig putted along at 6 mph.

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Pick-up Shell Camper

2008-01-17T01:43:00.000-08:00

I took a 7 week coast to coast road trip after being laid off from Boeing. I didn't have a camper but realized that being able to pull off the road at a rest or truck stop was the way to go to make the trip affordable. With a few sheets of 1/2" plywood and misc. hardware this is what I came up with. The effort was well worth the time and materials.

A hot wire was routed from a spare battery in back to the engine battery for recharging. An ac-dc converter then powered the radio, television, light, fan, and cell phone. The spare battery was also used to powered the electric boat.

Two plywood 'L's were made and screwed down on each side of the bed. This is the view of the tiny kitchen.

Holes were cut in the sides so clothes and misc. supplies could be stored. A wide board was my table when seated and stored on the side when not in use. Not visible was a small cloths closet on the front drivers side.

The futon laid on a section of plywood that hinged up into a sitting position. A camping propane burner and wash tub were mounted in the counter and a 2.5 gallon water jug was positioned over the wash tub. Curtains where also added for privacy.

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Home-in-a-Box

2008-01-17T01:18:00.000-08:00

This was my hangout for a week at Burningman. It was basically a 4'x4'x4' coroplastic box.
The flutted plastic sheeting was nailed to 2x2's in each corner. The large door swung up to serve as a sun shade, and sealed tight to keep the dust storms at bay. When this happened I'd watch things blow by through the bubble window.

Inside was the cooler, lights and shelves for the radio, fan, books and misc. amenities. I slept in the back of my truck. Yes, that's a real recliner in there. My nick name was Jack. I was Jack in the box.
This design led to the development of my bicycle camper that I built the following year.

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Tree House

2008-01-14T19:12:00.000-08:00

I have the coolest cedar tree in my back yard that begged for a tree house. This platform is 40 feet up, measures 7' by 7' by 7', just enough to house 2 lawn chairs. It is my pie in the sky, a little slice of heaven. The view of the Stillaguamish farm valley is fantastic. I built this several years ago after being laid off from my job. What else do you do after working for 14 years? That's right, do the things you didn't get a chance to do, because you were too busy working!

The rope was used to haul everything as the stairs where built last.

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My First Trike

2008-01-08T16:33:00.001-08:00

When I heard about this creative festival called 'Burningman' ideas on making a get-around rig came pouring out on my sketch book. I'd made about 5 recumbent bicycles in the past, but this was my first motorized attempt, and a trike no less. It was powered by a 3.5 briggs motor. It was able to carry three people on the flat.

It has a lever in the middle for engaging the belt drive, an engine pull rope at the feet and all of the five gears on the rear wheel cluster worked. During a wind storm two friends and I made a make-shift sail with a 5x7 tarp to a few boards. We must have reached 25 mph easily. It was too much fun to be legal anywhere else but burningman.

Motorized Bicycle

2008-01-08T16:14:00.000-08:00

This fun little vehicle has taken on many shapes and still remains my favorite sunny day ride.

This was the original bike, yet another Burningman toy.

Why the barbies? The DMV (department of mutant vehicles) thought my home-made rig looked too much like a motorcycle and not a parade vehicle, so no permit was permitted, hence the barbies to parade it up. I still didn't get a pass issued. I rode it around anyway. Screw em...

Years later it was drug out of a corner in my shop and made into a somewhat more utilitarian vehicle. It first took on a real chopper look, but proved to be a bit uncomfortable for long distances.

It was changed further for a more relaxed ride. The new handlebars now made it look more like the first motorcycles. I had a 1940's produce box kicking around my shop from the previous home owner that came from a local frozen pea factory that's still running today. It went with the theme.
I'd call it a rat bike now as the butchering was quick and dirty, and I'm too lazy to put anymore time into it. The two HP engine delivers ample speed (30 mph) to the rear 6 speed cluster. Mileage? It's a tired motor, maybe 100 mpg.

You may think I was too cheap to buy a centrifical clutch but I like the belt tensioner lever. It may not be located in a safe place but it adds to the look and the gadgetry it takes to get this thing rolling.

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Bicycle Camper

2008-01-07T20:53:00.000-08:00

TURTLEMAN (as I was dubbed) is blasting his stereo, sipping a cool beer and lounging on the playa at Burningman.

This was built for the burningman event that happens every year in Nevada. Near the end of August about 35,000 people from all around the country and world for that matter, gather and camp at this spot. Why? To express themselfs in a way that normal society may frown on. This is the place of almost pure freedom. A place where you bring whatever creative idea you may have, and share it, being wordrobe, mode of transportation, attitude, camp layout whatever.

Google 'Burningman' for more information. Everyone needs to go at least once.

I chose to live the nomad life for the week. The camper was not designed for road use, that's another version in a drawing below. This unit had to endure winds of 60 mph, heat of 100+ degrees. The idea hatched from that particular years theme, (they have a yearly theme). It was fear of the future. My thoughts at the time were fixated on the bird flu. what if.. This was an attempt to show how one might survive a post apocalyptic life.
The camper is about 100 pounds dry weight. The skin is 1/4" flutted plastic like whats used for election signs. This was riveted and screwed onto 3/4" square aluminum tubing salvaged from an old satellite dish. The base was made of 2x2 fir. The 30" square door frame, made of 1x2's was skrewed to the side panel, cut on the sides and bottom. The upper part was left uncut to act as a hinge. The bed hinges in a lounge attitude. On the outside resides an herb flower box, a urinal funnel (sanicans were a ways off) and 13" wheel barrel wheels on a 1/2" axle mounted with 1/2" square tubing made up the running gear. I used 3/4" steel for the tow bar, A recycled card table for the corner camper supports, and misc this and that. It's whatever I had kicking around at the time, and that's how anyone would have to do it if worst came to worst.

Wayno tries out the new bicycle camper. He looks like a happy camper doesn't he?

Bed arranged in the lounge position. All the comforts of home, except for a number 2 toilet.

Solar food dehydrator screens. (It actually worked!)

I created a wind generator. I used a bicycle generator and crammed a wooden blade on the drive wheel. The large shroud on the rear is for strong winds. It bends the pvc pole (it use to be taller) thus changing the plane of attack on the prop and thus keeping the prop bearing from becoming fried. It worked, but the generator I found is actually an alternator. It would need diodes to get it to work but I didn't bother. It looked nice though spinning in the wind.

The urinal funnel came in handy. Water from Solar shower was also routed to the kitchen sink.

Sleeping bag storage box is below, and a book/magazine rack are above on the wall. Bubble door opens also for Cross ventilation. The black square on the roof is a hot air collector for the food dehydrator.

Swinging up the table extension support leg.

From left to right: battery storage, ice box, dirty laundry hamper. Above, storage shelf, the small hole, white clothes storage. big hole, other clothes. 12v lights on either side, mister bottle for cooling off.

From left to right: Light switches, food storage bin, underneath resides the table extension, fan, butane stove, storage drawers. Underneath, pee jug, trash bucket battery storage (barely seen) sink, hot water spout, 2.5 gallon water supply.

Why the bubble? So I can look up at the stars at night.

This is one rendition of a road camper. The drawer on the right is actually an extension for the legs when sleeping. The camper would be 50" long by 30" wide using similar materials as my camper but shooting for 50 pounds dry weight.

If you got this far you've seen it all. At least until my next project.

Be sure to leave a comment, or drop me an E-mail. http://www.paulwelkins@yahoo.com/